Rizky Andika: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE , RELATIVE CLAUSES AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Active and Passive Sentence

Ø Active Sentence

In an active sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb. An active sentence is the opposite of a passive sentence. Examples:

The dog ate all the biscuits.

(In this example, The dog is the subject of the sentence. The dog is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is performing the action of the verb; i.e., it is the thing doing the eating.)

Compare this to a passive version:

· The biscuits were eaten by the dog.

(In this example, the biscuits did not perform the action of the verb. In fact, it was done to them. Therefore, this is a passive sentence.)

Ø Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE SENTENCES

§ Everyone was startledby the power outage.

§ A scream was heardcoming from across the house.

§ The candles were extinguishedas we rushed to the scream.

§ The crime was illuminatedshortly by flashes of lightning.

§ Lieutenant Lavender was caughtby the brilliant detective Educator Emerald.

2. RELATIVE CLAUSES

What is Relative Clauses?

A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun when sentences are combined.

The relative pronouns are:

Who	For people	Can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns (he, she, we, they )
Whom	For people	can substitute for object nouns/pronouns (him, her, us, them)
Whose	For people	can substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, our, their)
That	For people or things	can be either subject or object can only be used in restrictive relative clauses (see below)
Which	For things	can be either subject or object can be used in non-restrictive relative clauses can also be used in restrictive relative clauses, though some people don’t like this use

Ø Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Ø Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb	meaning	use	example
When	in/on which	refers to a time expression	the day when we met him
Where	in/at which	refers to a place	the place where we met him
Why	for which	refers to a reason	the reason why we met him

Ø Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put incommas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Ø Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

Ø How to Shorten Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES THEORY

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.

§ THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example of Conditional Sentence Type 1 :

§ If it rains, you will get wet.

§ You will get wet if it rains.

§ If Sally is late again I will be mad.

§ I will be mad if Sally is late again.

§ If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.

2. Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.