1.
Active
and Passive Sentence
Ø Active Sentence
In an active
sentence, the subject performs
the action of the verb.
An active sentence is
the opposite of a passive sentence.
Examples:
- The dog
ate all the biscuits.
(In this
example, The dog is the subject of the sentence. The
dog is the subject of the verb to eat. The dog is
performing the action of the verb; i.e., it is the thing doing the eating.)
Compare this to
a passive version:
·
The biscuits were eaten by the dog.
(In this
example, the biscuits did not perform the action of the verb. In fact, it was
done to them. Therefore, this is a passive sentence.)
Ø Passive
Form
In
passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the
sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of
the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing
receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also
use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do
not want to mention who is doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE SENTENCES
§ Everyone was startledby the power outage.
§ A scream was heardcoming from across the house.
§ The candles were extinguishedas we rushed to the
scream.
§ The crime was illuminatedshortly by flashes of
lightning.
§ Lieutenant Lavender was caughtby the brilliant detective Educator
Emerald.
2. RELATIVE CLAUSES
What is Relative Clauses?
A relative clause is one kind of dependent
clause. It has a subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is
sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an
adjective—it gives more information about a noun. A relative clause always
begins with a “relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase,
or a pronoun when sentences are combined.
The relative pronouns are:
|
Who
|
For people
|
Can substitute for subject nouns/pronouns (he,
she, we, they )
|
|
Whom
|
For
people
|
can
substitute for object nouns/pronouns (him, her, us, them)
|
|
Whose
|
For
people
|
can
substitute for possessive nouns/pronouns (his, hers, our, their)
|
|
That
|
For
people or things
|
can
be either subject or object
can
only be used in restrictive relative clauses (see below)
|
|
Which
|
For
things
|
can be
either subject or object
can be
used in non-restrictive relative clauses
can also
be used in restrictive relative clauses, though some people don’t like this
use
|
Ø
Subject Pronoun or
Object Pronoun? 
Subject and object pronouns cannot be
distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object
pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed
by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject
pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
the apple which is lying on the table
If the relative pronoun is not
followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns
can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
the apple (which) George lay on the table
Ø
Relative Adverbs
A relative adverb can be used instead
of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to
understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
|
relative adverb
|
meaning
|
use
|
example
|
|
When
|
in/on
which
|
refers
to a time expression
|
the
day when we met him
|
|
Where
|
in/at
which
|
refers
to a place
|
the
place where we met him
|
|
Why
|
for
which
|
refers
to a reason
|
the
reason why we met him
|
Ø
Defining Relative
Clauses
Defining relative clauses (also
called identifying relative
clauses or restrictive relative clauses)
give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining
relative clauses are not put incommas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five
girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this
girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
Defining relative clauses are often
used in definitions.
A seaman is someone who works on a ship.
Object pronouns in defining relative
clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative
pronoun are called Contact
Clauses.)
The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.
Ø
Non-Defining Relative
Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses (also
called non-identifying
relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses)
give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining
relative clauses are put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with only
one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he
knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this
situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?
Note: In non-defining relative
clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns in non-defining
relative clauses must be used.
Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.
Ø
How to Shorten Relative
Clauses?
Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced
with a participle.
This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the
woman living next door.
Do you see the cat which
is lying on the roof? –
Do you see the cat lying on the roof?
3. CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES THEORY
Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if
a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled.
§ THERE ARE
THREE TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. Conditional
Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example of Conditional Sentence Type
1 :
§ If it rains, you will
get wet.
§ You will get wet if it
rains.
§ If Sally is late again
I will be mad.
§ I will be mad if Sally
is late again.
§ If you don't hurry,
you will miss the bus.
2. Conditional
Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled.
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example of Conditional Sentence Type
2 :
§ If it rained, you
would get wet.
§ You would get wet if
it rained.
§ If you went to bed
earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
§ You wouldn't be so
tired if you went to bed earlier.
§ If she fell, she would
hurt herself.
3. Conditional
Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it
refers to the past.
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past
Participle)
Example of Conditional Sentence Type
3 :
v If it had rained, you
would have gotten wet.
v You would have gotten
wet if it had rained.
v You would have passed your
exam if you had worked harder.
v If you had worked
harder, you would have passed your exam.
v I would have believed
you if you hadn't lied to me before.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
